Malinga ndi lipoti la kafukufuku wa World Health Organization, chiwerengero cha odwala matenda a myopia ku China chinafika pa 600 miliyoni mu 2018, ndipo chiwerengero cha achinyamata omwe ali ndi matenda a myopia chinali choyamba padziko lonse lapansi. China yakhala dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi matenda a myopia. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za kalembera wa 2021, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a myopia chimafikira pafupifupi theka la anthu onse mdzikolo. Popeza pali anthu ambiri otere, ndikofunikira kwambiri kufalitsa chidziwitso cha akatswiri chokhudzana ndi matenda a myopia mwasayansi.
Njira ya myopia
Mpaka pano, sitikudziwa chifukwa chake matenda a myopia amapezeka.
Zinthu zokhudzana ndi myopia
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa zachipatala ndi maso, kupezeka kwa myopia kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri monga majini ndi malo okhala, ndipo zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi zinthu zotsatirazi.
1. Myopia ili ndi chibadwa china cha majini. Pamene kafukufuku wokhudza majini a myopia akuchulukirachulukira, makamaka myopia ya m'mapapo ili ndi mbiri ya banja, pakadali pano zatsimikiziridwa kuti myopia ya m'mapapo ndi matenda a majini a jini limodzi, ndipo chofala kwambiri ndi cholowa cha autosomal recessive. . Myopia yosavuta pakadali pano imatengera zinthu zingapo, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimapezeka zimagwira ntchito yayikulu.
2. Ponena za zinthu zachilengedwe, zinthu monga kuwerenga pafupi kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwala kosakwanira, kuwerenga nthawi yayitali, kulemba kosamveka bwino kapena kochepa, kukhala pansi molakwika, kusowa zakudya m'thupi, kuchepa kwa zochita zakunja, komanso kuchuluka kwa maphunziro zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa matenda a myopia.
Kusiyana kwa magulu a myopia
Pali mitundu yambiri ya matenda a myopia, chifukwa chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa, chomwe chimayambitsa matenda obwerezabwereza, kuchuluka kwa matenda a myopia, nthawi ya matenda a myopia, kukhazikika, komanso ngati kusinthako kukuchitika, zonsezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira zowerengera matenda.
1. Malinga ndi mlingo wa myopia:
Myopia yochepa:kutentha kosakwana madigiri 300 (≤-3.00 D).
Myopia yapakati:Madigiri 300 mpaka madigiri 600 (-3.00 D~ -6.00 D).
Myopia:kutentha kwakukulu kuposa madigiri 600 (>-6.00 D) (komwe kumatchedwanso pathological myopia)
2. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka refractive (choyambitsa mwachindunji):
(1) Kutsegula myopia,komwe ndi myopia yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya refractive ya diso chifukwa cha zinthu zosazolowereka za diso kapena kuphatikiza zinthu zosazolowereka pomwe kutalika kwa diso kumakhala kwabwinobwino. Mtundu uwu wa myopia ukhoza kukhala wakanthawi kapena wokhazikika.
Myopia yokhudza kusinthasintha kwa maso (refractive myopia) ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: curvature myopia ndi refractive index myopia. Choyamba chimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kupindika kwambiri kwa cornea kapena lenzi, monga odwala omwe ali ndi keratoconus, spherical lenzi kapena small lenzi; chachiwirichi chimachitika chifukwa cha refractive index yambiri ya aqueous humor ndi lenzi, monga primary cataract, odwala kutupa kwa thupi la iris-ciliary.
(2) Kulephera kuona bwino malo olumikizirana mafupa:Imagawidwanso m'magulu awiri: non-plastic axial myopia ndi plastic axial myopia. Non-plastic axial myopia imatanthauza kuti mphamvu ya refractive ya diso ndi yachibadwa, koma kutalika kwa mzere wakutsogolo ndi wakumbuyo kwa diso kumaposa mulingo wamba. Kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwa 1mm mu mzere wa diso kumafanana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa madigiri 300 a myopia. Nthawi zambiri, diopter ya axial myopia imakhala yochepera madigiri 600 a myopia. Diopter ya partial axial myopia ikakwera kufika madigiri 600, kutalika kwa axial kwa diso kumapitirira kuwonjezeka. Myopia diopter imatha kufika madigiri oposa 1000, ndipo nthawi zina imafika madigiri 2000. Mtundu uwu wa myopia umatchedwa progressive high myopia kapena deformed myopia.
Maso ali ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa matenda monga kutopa kwambiri, ndipo masomphenya sangakonzedwe mokwanira. Mtundu uwu wa kutopa uli ndi mbiri ya banja ndipo umagwirizana ndi majini. Pali chiyembekezo chowongolera ndi kuchira ali mwana, koma osati atakula.
Matenda a myopia otchedwa plastic axial myopia amatchedwanso plastic true myopia. Zifukwa monga kusowa kwa mavitamini ndi zinthu zina panthawi ya kukula ndi chitukuko zingayambitse myopia, komanso myopia yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi maso kapena matenda a thupi. Amagawidwanso m'magulu awiri: plastic temporary pseudomyopia, plastic intermediate myopia ndi plastic axial myopia.
(a) Matenda a pseudomyopia osakhalitsa:Mtundu uwu wa myopia umatenga nthawi yochepa kuti upangidwe kuposa pulasitiki ya pseudomyopia. Mtundu uwu wa myopia, monga accommodative temporary pseudomyopia, ukhoza kubwerera ku maso abwinobwino pakapita nthawi yochepa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya myopia imafuna njira zosiyanasiyana zochiritsira. Makhalidwe a pulasitiki ya temporary pseudomyopia: pamene zinthu zakonzedwa, masomphenya amakula; pamene zinthu zatsopano zibuka, myopia imapitirira kuzama. Kawirikawiri, pali kusiyana kwa plasticity kuyambira madigiri 25 mpaka 300.
(b) Myopia yapakati ya pulasitiki:Kuwona bwino sikuli bwino pambuyo pokonza zinthuzo, ndipo palibe myopia yeniyeni ya pulasitiki yomwe imakulitsa mzere wowonera.
(c) Myopia ya pulasitiki:Pamene pseudomyopia ya pulasitiki mu mtundu wa axial myopia ikukula kukhala plastic true myopia, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kubwezeretsa masomphenya. Ntchito yophunzitsira kuchira kwa myopia 1+1 imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo liwiro la kuchira limakhala lochepa. Zimafunika Nthawi nayonso ndi yayitali kwambiri.
(3) Matenda a myopia ophatikizana:mitundu iwiri yoyamba ya myopia imagwirizana
3. Kugawa malinga ndi kukula kwa matenda ndi kusintha kwa matenda
(1) Kusawona bwino kwa myopia:Imadziwikanso kuti myopia ya achinyamata, ndi mtundu wofala wa myopia. Zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa majini sizikudziwika bwino. Izi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulemera kwa masomphenya paunyamata ndi kukula. Ndi ukalamba ndi kukula kwa thupi, pa msinkhu winawake, zimakhala zokhazikika. Mlingo wa myopia nthawi zambiri umakhala wochepa kapena wocheperako, myopia imapita pang'onopang'ono, ndipo masomphenya okonzedwa amakhala abwino.
(3) Matenda a myopia:Imadziwikanso kuti progressive myopia, makamaka imakhala ndi majini. Myopia imapitirira kukula, imakula mofulumira muunyamata, ndipo diso limakulabe ngakhale mutakwanitsa zaka 20. Kugwira ntchito kwa maso kumachepa kwambiri, kumaonekera chifukwa cha mtunda wochepa kuposa wachibadwa komanso pafupi, komanso kusawona bwino kwa malo owonera komanso kusiyana kwa maso. Pokhala ndi mavuto monga kuwonongeka kwa retinal m'mbali yakumbuyo ya diso, mawanga a myopic arc, kutuluka magazi m'maso, ndi posterior scleral staphyloma, matendawa amakula pang'onopang'ono ndikukula; mphamvu yowongolera masomphenya imakhala yofooka kumapeto.
4. Kugawa magulu malinga ndi ngati pali mphamvu iliyonse yosinthira yomwe ikukhudzidwa.
(1) Matenda a Pseudomyopia:Imadziwikanso kuti accommodative myopia, imayamba chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito pafupi kwa nthawi yayitali, kuchuluka kwa masomphenya, kulephera kupumula, kupsinjika kwa accommodative kapena kupindika kwa accommodative. Myopia imatha kutha kudzera mu mankhwala okulitsa maso. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu wa myopia ndi gawo loyamba la myopia ndikukula.
(2) Myopia yeniyeni:Mukagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kutupa ndi mankhwala ena, digiri ya myopia siimachepa kapena digiri ya myopia imachepa ndi zosakwana 0.50D.
(3) Matenda osiyanasiyana a myopia:amatanthauza diopter ya myopia yomwe yachepa pambuyo pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa ululu ndi mankhwala ena, koma mkhalidwe wa emmetropic sunabwererenso.
Myopia yeniyeni kapena yabodza imadziwika kutengera ngati pali kusintha kulikonse. Maso amatha kukulitsa maso awo okha kuchokera ku zinthu zakutali kupita ku zapafupi, ndipo luso lokulitsa maso limeneli limadalira kusintha kwa maso. Ntchito yosazolowereka ya maso imagawidwanso m'magulu awiri: accommodative temporary pseudomyopia ndi accommodative true myopia.
Kuzindikira kwa nthawi yochepa kwa matenda a myopia, masomphenya amakula bwino atatha kudwala mydriasis, ndipo masomphenya amakula bwino maso akapuma kwa kanthawi. Mu matenda a myopia apakati, kuona bwino pambuyo pokula sikungafikire 5.0, mzere wa maso ndi wabwinobwino, ndipo mphepete mwa diso silimakulanso. Kungowonjezera mlingo wa myopia moyenera ndi komwe kuwona bwino kwa 5.0 kungatheke.
Myopia yeniyeni yokhazikika. Imatanthauza kulephera kwa pseudomyopia yokhazikika kuchira pakapita nthawi. Izi zimatenga nthawi yayitali, ndipo mzere wa maso umatalika kuti ugwirizane ndi malo owonera pafupi.
Pambuyo poti kutalika kwa diso kwatalikitsidwa, minofu ya ciliary ya diso imamasuka ndipo kupendekera kwa lenzi kumabwerera mwakale. Myopia yatha njira yatsopano yosinthira. Kutalika kulikonse kwa diso kumakulitsidwa ndi 1mm. Myopia imakula ndi madigiri 300. Myopia yeniyeni yokhazikika imapangidwa. Mtundu uwu wa myopia yeniyeni ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi myopia yeniyeni ya axial. Mtundu uwu wa myopia yeniyeni ulinso ndi mwayi wochira masomphenya.
Chowonjezera pa gulu la myopia
Tiyenera kudziwa pano kuti pseudomyopia si "myopia" yachipatala chifukwa "myopia" iyi ikhoza kukhalapo mwa aliyense, mu mkhalidwe uliwonse wobwerezabwereza, komanso nthawi iliyonse, ndipo maso adzatopa. Myopia yomwe imatha pambuyo poti ana atambasuka ndi pseudomyopia, ndipo myopia yomwe ilipobe ndi myopia yeniyeni.
Axial myopia imagawidwa m'magulu kutengera zomwe zimayambitsa zolakwika mu refractive media mkati mwa diso.
Ngati diso ndi la emmetropic, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya refractive media yomwe ili m'diso imangoyang'ana kuwala ku retina. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi emmetropic, mphamvu yonse ya refractive media ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya refractive media yomwe ili m'diso ndi mtunda (eye axis) kuchokera ku cornea kutsogolo kwa diso kupita ku retina kumbuyo zimafanana.
Ngati mphamvu yonse yowunikira ndi yayikulu kwambiri kapena mtunda ndi wautali kwambiri, kuwala kudzagwa patsogolo pa retina mukayang'ana patali, komwe ndi myopia. Myopia yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu yowunikira ndi myopia yowunikira (yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi zolakwika za cornea, zolakwika za lens, cataracts, matenda a shuga, ndi zina zotero), ndi myopia ya axial yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwa axial kwa diso kupitirira mkhalidwe wa emmetropic (mtundu wa myopia womwe anthu ambiri ali nawo)).
Anthu ambiri amadwala matenda a myopia nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Ena amabadwa ndi matenda a myopia, ena amakhala ndi matenda a myopia ali achinyamata, ndipo ena amakhala ndi matenda a myopia akakula. Malinga ndi nthawi ya matenda a myopia, matendawa angagawidwe m'magulu awiri: matenda a myopia obadwa nawo (myopia imabadwa), matenda a myopia oyambirira (osakwana zaka 14), matenda a myopia ochedwa (zaka 16 mpaka 18), ndi matenda a myopia ochedwa (mutakula).
Palinso ngati diopta idzasintha pambuyo poti myopia yakula. Ngati diopta siisintha kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri, imakhala yokhazikika. Ngati diopta ikhala nthawi yayitali mkati mwa zaka ziwiri, imasintha.
Chidule cha gulu la myopia
Mu maphunziro a maso ndi maso, pali magulu ena ambiri a myopia, omwe sitidzawayambitsa chifukwa cha luso la microscopic. Pali magulu ambiri a myopia, omwe sakutsutsana. Amangowonetsa zovuta komanso kusatsimikizika kwa momwe myopia imachitikira komanso momwe imakulira. Tiyenera kufotokoza ndikusiyanitsa magulu a myopia ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Vuto la myopia la munthu aliyense wa myopia liyenera kukhala nthambi ya gulu lofanana la myopia. Mosakayikira, sizogwirizana ndi sayansi kulankhula za kupewa ndi kulamulira myopia mosasamala kanthu za gulu la myopia.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-24-2023